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Printed page 57. PDF page 71.
to attenuate (but not prevent) the development of the sideslip angle resulting from alternating full rudder pedal inputs. 1.16.2.3 Loads on the Vertical Stabilizer At any given altitude and airspeed, many parameters affect the loads on the vertical stabilizer;98 theOpen final at PDF page 71In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587
Printed page 137. PDF page 151.
airplane to wings level. However, the first officer responded by making a series of rapid, alternating full rudder pedal inputs. The captain recalled being startled by the first officer's response and thinking the rudder pedal inputs were quite aggressive. HeOpen final at PDF page 151In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587
Printed page 146. PDF page 160.
accident sequence continued for 6.5 seconds as the first officer made five subsequent alternating full rudder pedal inputs until the vertical stabilizer separated from the airplane. As further explained in this section, a combination of the three factors discussed inOpen final at PDF page 160In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587
Printed page 148. PDF page 162.
Even the captain of the earlier 727 flight on which the first officer made a series of alternating full rudder pedal inputs did not admonish him for using the rudder in response to wake turbulence; rather, the captain cautioned theOpen final at PDF page 162In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587
Printed page 155. PDF page 169.
Airlines pilots believed that the airplane would be protected from structural damage if alternating full rudder pedal inputs were made at an airspeed below maneuvering speed. The American Airlines A300 fleet standards manager confirmed this belief during testimony at theOpen final at PDF page 169In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587
Printed page 108. PDF page 122.
(provided to the Safety Board after the flight 587 accident), the Interflug pilot made alternating rudder inputs of about one-third of the full pedal deflection. The speed of the airplane varied during this time. When the airplane 159 Report onOpen final at PDF page 122In-Flight Separation of Vertical Stabilizer, American Airlines Flight 587